Dimensionality and risk factors of the personal stigma of depression in adults aged 50 years and older at risk of depression.

Objectives: Knowledge about the mechanism of the personal stigma of depression may inform strategies to reduce stigma and promote help-seeking. We examined the dimensionality and risk factors of the personal stigma of depression in older adults at risk of depression.Methods: Seven-hundred and one Hong Kong adults aged 50 years and older at risk of depression completed the personal stigma subscale of the depression Stigma Scale (DSS-personal) at two-time points. We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to explore the factor structure of DSS personal and confirmatory factor analysis to examine the model fit of the EFA-informed factor structure and structures proposed in previous studies. Regression analyses examined the relationships between risk factors and personal stigma dimensions.Results: Factor analyses identified a 3-factor structure of DSS-personal resembling the social-cognitive model consistent over time and included stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination (CFI = 0.95, TLI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.05). Regression analyses indicated all stigma dimensions were associated with older age, less education, and no personal history of depression (B = -0.44 to 0.06); discrimination was also associated with more depressive symptoms (B = 0.10 to 0.12).Conclusion: Findings illustrated the potential theoretical underpinning of DSS-personal. Stigma reduction interventions could target and tailor to older adults with risk factors to enhance effectiveness and promote help-seeking.

Impact of older adults' oral health on caregiving stress of their family caregivers in the United States: The mediating effect of functional ability.

Extensive studies have explored the factors affecting caregiving stress, but how oral health of care recipients (CRs) associates with caregiving stress and the mechanism behind it are not well-known. Guided by Stress Process Theory, this study addressed such research gaps. Caregiver services dataset came from the 13th National Survey of Older Americans Act Participants in the United States (N = 1289). Caregiving stress included physical, emotional, and financial stress. The oral health of CRs was self-rated by a single item. The functional ability of CRs was assessed by activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). PROCESS 3.4 for SPSS 26.0 was used to conduct the mediation analyses. Results from the study showed that caregivers reported slightly high levels of physical (M = 3.06, SD = 1.33, Range = 1-5), emotional (M = 3.43, SD = 1.28, Range = 1-5), and financial (M = 2.83, SD = 1.43, Range = 1-5) stress. The results from hierarchical linear regression revealed that poor oral health of CRs was significantly associated with higher levels of physical (B = 0.11, p < 0.001), emotional (B = 0.09, p < 0.01), and financial (B = 0.12, p < 0.001) stress, respectively. The functional ability of CRs mediated such relationships between the oral health of CRs and the caregiving stress of their family caregivers. Findings from this study enrich our theoretical and practical understanding of caregiving stress in aged care and offer programs and policy implications of oral and physical healthcare for community-dwelling older adults.

Risk and protective factors of Internet gaming disorder among Chinese people: A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Effective prevention and intervention of Internet gaming disorder require the identification of risk and protective factors. This study aims to exhaustively review the risk and protective factors of Internet gaming disorder among Chinese people. METHOD: We searched for articles published from database inception to February 2020 in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and two Chinese databases, CNKI and Wanfang Data. Studies were included in the meta-analysis if they addressed Internet gaming disorder, sampled people in China, presented correlational factors of Internet gaming disorder and reported the effect sizes for correlations. Reviewers independently selected the studies, assessed their validity and extracted the data. Pooled Pearson's correlations were calculated using the random effects model. RESULT: In the meta-analysis, 153 studies covering 115,975 subjects were included. We identified 56 risk factors and 28 protective factors. Most risk factors strongly correlated with Internet gaming disorder fell into the category of maladaptive cognitions and motivations. Other factors that showed high effect sizes fell into various categories, including psychopathological characteristics, personality traits, cognition emotion regulation style and gaming-related factors. The only protective factor strongly correlated with Internet gaming disorder was self-control. We found that the factors related to the 'environments' show modest effect sizes compared to those related to the individual. The pooled effect sizes for most factors were not influenced by outliers and publication bias. CONCLUSION: Factors strongly correlated with Internet gaming disorder, especially maladaptive cognitions and motivations, are more likely to be proximal correlates of Internet gaming disorder and may be considered the focus of interventions. We encourage further empirical and experimental studies to examine the causal pathway and the treatment efficacy.